Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of
Practice Relating to Rule 152. Command Responsibility for Orders to Commit War Crimes
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia’s Military Manual (1988) states: “Each individual is personally responsible – military personnel and civilians alike – if he commits such violation or
orders its commission.”

(emphasis in original)
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia’s Criminal Offences against the Nation and State Act (1945) provides for the punishment of “any person who commits a war crime, i.e., who during the war or the enemy occupation acted as an instigator or organiser, or who ordered, assisted or otherwise was the direct executor of [a war crime]”.