Norma relacionada
Spain
Practice Relating to Rule 129. The Act of Displacement
Spain’s LOAC Manual (1996) provides:
Mass or individual forced transfers, as well as deportations out of the occupied territory to the territory of the occupying Power or of another country (occupied or not), are prohibited, regardless of the motive.
Spain, Orientaciones. El Derecho de los Conflictos Armados, Publicación OR7-004, 2 Tomos, aprobado por el Estado Mayor del Ejército, División de Operaciones, 18 March 1996, Vol. I, § 5.5.c.(5).
The manual further states that it “is a grave breach which shall be qualified as a war crime … deportation or forced transfer of population”.
Spain, Orientaciones. El Derecho de los Conflictos Armados, Publicación OR7-004, 2 Tomos, aprobado por el Estado Mayor del Ejército, División de Operaciones, 18 March 1996, Vol. I, § 11.8.b.(1).
Spain’s LOAC Manual (2007) states: “Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of persons from occupied territory to the territory of the occupying power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of the motive.”
Spain, Orientaciones. El Derecho de los Conflictos Armados, Tomo 1, Publicación OR7–004, (Edición Segunda), Mando de Adiestramiento y Doctrina, Dirección de Doctrina, Orgánica y Materiales, 2 November 2007, § 5.5.c.(5); see also § 2.7.c.(3).
Spain’s Military Criminal Code (1985) and Penal Code (1995) punish anyone who deports or forcibly transfers protected persons.
Spain, Military Criminal Code, 1985, Article 77(6); Penal Code, 1995, Article 611(4); see also Article 607(4) (forcible transfer to another group as a part of a genocide campaign).
Spain’s Penal Code (1995), as amended in 2003, states:
Any person who [commits any of the following acts] during armed conflict is punished with 10 to 15 years’ imprisonment, without prejudice to a penalty for the results of such acts:
…
4. Deporting or forcibly transferring … protected persons.
Spain, Penal Code, 1995, as amended on 25 November 2003, Article 611(4).
In 1993, during a debate in the UN Security Council, Spain condemned the forced displacement in Georgia.
Spain, Statement before the UN Security Council, UN Doc. S/PV.3325, 22 December 1993, p. 18.
Women and especially girls are particularly exposed to violence in conflict. Violence against women affects a third of all women globally. The violence is often amplified in areas affected by conflict. As we see in many parts of the world today, extremism and terrorism are prominent features of conflict situations, often constituting new kinds of threats to women’s rights and lives and causing flight and displacement. We need to prevent and combat these violations of women and girls’ fundamental human rights.
Sweden, Statement by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Sweden before the UN Security Council during a debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict made on behalf of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, 30 January 2015.
Spain’s LOAC Manual (1996) provides: “The occupying Power can undertake a total or partial evacuation of a given occupied area if the security of the population or imperative military reasons so demand.”
Spain, Orientaciones. El Derecho de los Conflictos Armados, Publicación OR7-004, 2 Tomos, aprobado por el Estado Mayor del Ejército, Division de Operaciones, 18 March 1996, Vol. I, § 5.5.c.(5); see also 2.4.a.(5).
The manual adds:
Evacuations may not involve the displacement of protected persons outside the bounds of the occupied territory except when for material reasons it is impossible to avoid such displacement.
Spain, Orientaciones. El Derecho de los Conflictos Armados, Publicación OR7-004, 2 Tomos, aprobado por el Estado Mayor del Ejército, Division de Operaciones, 18 March 1996, Vol. I, § 5.5.c.(5).
Spain’s LOAC Manual (2007) states:
The occupying power may undertake total or partial evacuation of a given area if the security of the population or imperative military reasons requires such action.
Such evacuations may not involve the displacement of protected persons outside the bounds of the occupied territory except when for material reasons it is impossible to avoid such displacement.
Spain, Orientaciones. El Derecho de los Conflictos Armados, Tomo 1, Publicación OR7–004, (Edición Segunda), Mando de Adiestramiento y Doctrina, Dirección de Doctrina, Orgánica y Materiales, 2 November 2007, § 5.5.c.(5); see also § 2.4.a.(5).
