The Military Manual (1993) of the Netherlands provides: “Practices of apartheid and other inhuman and degrading practices involving outrages upon personal dignity, based on racial discrimination, are a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols”. 

Under the International Crimes Act (2003) of the Netherlands, it is a crime to commit, in an international armed conflict, “the following acts if committed intentionally and in violation of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol (I): … practices of apartheid and other inhuman and degrading practices involving outrages upon personal dignity, based on racial discrimination”.