Mexico’s Code of Military Justice (1933), as amended in 1996, defines a spy as someone who has penetrated a defended place or troops in the field with the aim of collecting useful information and communicating it to the enemy. 

Mexico’s Army and Air Force Manual (2009), in a section on the 1977 Additional Protocol I, states: “Spies … are not entitled to prisoner-of-war status.” 

Mexico’s Code of Military Justice (1933), as amended in 1996, provides that spies will be punished by death. Once spies have returned to their own troops and are then arrested, they cannot be punished as spies, but have to be treated as prisoners of war.