New Zealand
Practice Relating to Rule 102. Individual Criminal Responsibility
New Zealand’s Military Manual (1992), referring to Articles 32–34 of the 1949 Geneva Convention IV, states: “The following are … prohibited: a. the punishment of a protected person for an offence not committed by him personally; b. collective penalties”.
In a part entitled “Trial and Punishment: Restrictions and Guarantees”, the manual also states: “As a minimum: … no one shall be convicted of an offence except on the basis of individual criminal responsibility.”