Italy
Practice Relating to Rule 57. Ruses of War
Italy’s IHL Manual (1991) states: “Stratagems of war and the employment of methods necessary for obtaining information about the enemy are considered lawful.”
Italy’s LOAC Elementary Rules Manual (1991) states: “Measures of deception, such as camouflage, decoys, mock operations and misinformation, are permitted.”
Italy’s Law of War Decree (1938), as amended in 1992, provides: “Stratagems of war and the employment of methods necessary for obtaining information about the enemy are considered lawful.”