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Spain
Practice Relating to Rule 65. Perfidy
Section F. Simulation of protected status by using the distinctive emblems of the Geneva Conventions
Spain’s LOAC Manual (1996) states: “It is prohibited to feign a protected status by inviting the confidence of the enemy: misuse of distinctive signs and signals.”
Spain, Orientaciones. El Derecho de los Conflictos Armados, Publicación OR7-004, 2 Tomos, aprobado por el Estado Mayor del Ejército, Division de Operaciones, 18 March 1996, Vol. I, § 10.8.e.(1).
The manual also states that it is a grave breach of the law of war and a war crime “to make a perfidious use of the distinctive sign of the Red Cross”.
Spain, Orientaciones. El Derecho de los Conflictos Armados, Publicación OR7-004, 2 Tomos, aprobado por el Estado Mayor del Ejército, Division de Operaciones, 18 March 1996, Vol. I, § 9.2.a.(2).
Spain’s LOAC Manual (2007) prohibits the act of perfidy and states that it is a war crime to make “[deliberate] misuse of … recognized protective emblems (act of perfidy), causing death or seriously endangering physical health or integrity”.
Spain, Orientaciones. El Derecho de los Conflictos Armados, Tomo 1, Publicación OR7–004, (Edición Segunda), Mando de Adiestramiento y Doctrina, Dirección de Doctrina, Orgánica y Materiales, 2 November 2007, § 9.2.a.(2).(b).
Spain’s Penal Code (1995) punishes:
anyone who, during an armed conflict … uses … in a perfidious manner the protective or distinctive signs, emblems or signals established and recognized under international treaties to which Spain is a party, in particular the distinctive signs of the Red Cross and Red Crescent.
Spain, Penal Code, 1995, Article 612(4).
Spain’s Penal Code (1995), as amended in 2010, removes the reference to “in a perfidious manner” from this article.
Spain, Penal Code, 1995, as amended on 23 June 2010, Article 612(4).
