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Colombia
Practice Relating to Rule 129. The Act of Displacement
Under Colombia’s Basic Military Manual (1995), it is prohibited for the parties to conflict to force the displacement of the civilian population.
Colombia, Derecho Internacional Humanitario – Manual Básico para las Personerías y las Fuerzas Armadas de Colombia, Ministerio de Defensa Nacional, 1995, p. 30; see also p. 46.
With respect to non-international armed conflicts in particular, the manual states that it is prohibited to “oblige civilian persons to move because of the conflict, except if security or imperative military reasons so demand”.
Colombia, Derecho Internacional Humanitario – Manual Básico para las Personerías y las Fuerzas Armadas de Colombia, Ministerio de Defensa Nacional, 1995, p. 77.
According to Colombia’s Law on Internally Displaced Persons (1997), Colombians have the right not to be forcibly displaced.
Colombia, Law on Internally Displaced Persons, 1997, Articles 2(7) and 10(5).
Colombia’s Penal Code (2000) punishes “anyone who, during an armed conflict, without military justification, deports, expels or carries out a forced transfer or displacement of the civilian population from its own territory”.
Colombia, Penal Code, 2000, Article 159.
In analysing the constitutionality of the 1977 Additional Protocol II in 1995, Colombia’s Constitutional Court found in relation to the rules on the protection of civilians and persons hors de combat:
According to the statistics compiled by the Colombian Episcopacy, more than half a million Colombians have been displaced from their homes as a result of the violence … The principal cause of displacement involves violations of international humanitarian law associated with the armed conflict.
Colombia, Constitutional Court, Constitutional Case No. C-225/95, Constitutional revision of Additional Protocol II and the Law 171 of 16 December 1994 implementing this protocol, Judgment, 18 May 1995.
[T]he accused enforced the decision of the paramilitary forces to expel the Croat inhabitants from the village, and to occupy the village. Therefore, for the purpose of the assessment as to whether he met elements of the criminal offence in violation of Article 120(1) of the BCCRC [Basic Criminal Code of the Republic of Croatia] it is of no importance that at the given moment he was not deployed at a military position, and that he did not act within the unit of which he was a member.
Croatia, Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia, N.G. case, Judgment, 22 March 2005, p. 4.
In 2004, in its third periodic report to the Committee on the Rights of the Child, Colombia stated:
88. The problem of people displaced by the violence worsened in the years leading up to 2002 as the internal armed conflict flared up and spread, mostly as a result of the activities of self-defence and guerrilla groups who wanted to take control of certain areas, but also, indirectly and to a lesser extent, as a result of the presence of State forces in areas where they clashed with illegal groups.
89. This phenomenon is … one of the most serious human rights violations.
Colombia, Third periodic report to the Committee on the Rights of the Child, 24 August 2005, UN Doc. CRC/C/ Add.129, submitted 28 June 2004, §§ 88–89.
Women and especially girls are particularly exposed to violence in conflict. Violence against women affects a third of all women globally. The violence is often amplified in areas affected by conflict. As we see in many parts of the world today, extremism and terrorism are prominent features of conflict situations, often constituting new kinds of threats to women’s rights and lives and causing flight and displacement. We need to prevent and combat these violations of women and girls’ fundamental human rights.
Denmark, Statement by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Sweden before the UN Security Council during a debate on the protection of civilians in armed conflict made on behalf of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, 30 January 2015.
