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Côte d’Ivoire
Practice Relating to Rule 96. Hostage-Taking
Côte d’Ivoire’s Teaching Manual (2007) provides in Book I (Basic instruction):
Lesson 3. Rules on behaviour in combat
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I.1 Basic rules
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[Basic Rule No. 8]:
Do not take hostages.
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[Observation]:
These acts are inconsistent with a humane treatment of persons in your power …
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I.2 Specific rules
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Civilians
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12. Protect them against ill-treatment
- Acts of revenge and taking of hostages are prohibited.
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Lesson 4. Breaches and repression of violations of IHL
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I. Grave violations
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They are enumerated by the Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocols, as well as by the Ivorian Penal Code.
They are:
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- taking of hostages.
Côte d’Ivoire, Droit de la guerre, Manuel d’instruction, Livre I: Instruction de base, Ministère de la Défense, Forces Armées Nationales, November 2007, pp. 21–22, 23, 26 and 29; see also Droit de la guerre, Manuel d’instruction, Livre II: Instruction du gradé et du cadre, Manuel de l’instructeur, Ministère de la Défense, Forces Armées Nationales, November 2007, p. 16; Droit de la guerre, Manuel d’instruction, Livre III, Tome 1: Instruction de l’élève officier d’active de 1ère année, Manuel de l’élève, Ministère de la Défense, Forces Armées Nationales, November 2007, p. 39; Droit de la guerre, Manuel d’instruction, Livre IV: Instruction du chef de section et du commandant de compagnie, Manuel de l’élève, Ministère de la Défense, Forces Armées Nationales, November 2007, p. 66.
In Book II (Instruction of non-commissioned officers and officers), the Teaching Manual provides:
I.1.1. War crimes
They are grave violations of IHL mentioned in the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, committed during armed conflict.
Examples: … taking of hostages, etc.
Côte d’Ivoire, Droit de la guerre, Manuel d’instruction, Livre II: Instruction du gradé et du cadre, Manuel de l’instructeur, Ministère de la Défense, Forces Armées Nationales, November 2007, p. 28.
In Book III, Volume 2 (Instruction of second-year trainee officers), the Teaching Manual provides:
Lesson 2. Protection
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I.1. Protection of the civilian population
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Geneva Convention IV prohibits using the civilian population as a shield … Pillage, hostage-taking and reprisal measures against civilians are equally prohibited.
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I.2. Protection of combatants and associated personnel
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A person hors de combat must be collected and protected in conformity with the provisions of Geneva Convention I for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick. In this respect, they must not be the object:
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- of hostage-taking,
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Lesson 4. Violations and repression
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I.3. War crimes
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This is by far the breach which can take the most varied forms. It relates to the grave breaches of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, namely the following acts directed against the persons or objects protected by these acts:
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- taking civilians as hostages.
Côte d’Ivoire, Droit de la guerre, Manuel d’instruction, Livre III, Tome 2: Instruction de l’élève officier d’active de 2ème année, Manuel de l’instructeur, Ministère de la Défense, Forces Armées Nationales, November 2007, pp. 21, 23 and 43–45.
Côte d’Ivoire’s Penal Code (1981), as amended in 1995, provides that in time of war or occupation, the organizing, ordering or carrying out of hostage-taking constitutes a “crime against the civilian population”.
Côte d’Ivoire, Penal Code, 1981, as amended in 1995, Article 138(5).
