القاعدة ذات الصلة
Germany
Practice Relating to Rule 145. Reprisals
Section A. Definition and purpose of reprisals
Germany’s Soldiers’ Manual (1991) states: “Reprisals are measures of retaliation, as such adverse to international public law, which a State may, as an exception, use against another State in order to induce the latter to stop the violation of international public law.”
Germany, Taschenkarte, Humanitäres Völkerrecht in bewaffneten Konflikten – Grundsätze, Bearbeitet nach ZDv 15/2, Humanitäres Völkerrecht in bewaffneten Konflikten – Handbuch, Zentrum Innere Führung, June 1991, p. 2.
Germany’s Military Manual (1992) states: “Reprisals are retaliatory measures normally contrary to international law taken by one party to the conflict in order to stop the adversary from violating international law.”
Germany, Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts – Manual, DSK VV207320067, edited by The Federal Ministry of Defence of the Federal Republic of Germany, VR II 3, August 1992, English translation of ZDv 15/2, Humanitäres Völkerrecht in bewaffneten Konflikten – Handbuch, August 1992, § 476.
The manual further states:
The use of reprisals can cause an adversary acting contrary to international law to stop his violations of the law. Reprisals are permissible only in exceptional cases and only for the purpose of enforcing compliance with international law.
Germany, Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts – Manual, DSK VV207320067, edited by The Federal Ministry of Defence of the Federal Republic of Germany, VR II 3, August 1992, English translation of ZDv 15/2, Humanitäres Völkerrecht in bewaffneten Konflikten – Handbuch, August 1992, § 1206.
Germany’s IHL Manual (1996) provides: “Reprisals are compulsory measures which one State may exceptionally use against another State in order to cause the latter to stop violations of international public law.”
Germany, ZDv 15/1, Humanitäres Völkerrecht in bewaffneten Konflikten – Grundsätze, DSK VV230120023, Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, June 1996, § 318.
Germany’s Soldiers’ Manual (2006) states:
Reprisals are measures of retaliation, as such adverse to public international law, which a State may, as an exception, use against another State in order to induce the latter to stop violations of public international law.
Germany, Druckschrift Einsatz Nr. 03, Humanitäres Völkerrecht in bewaffneten Konflikten – Grundsätze, Erarbeitet nach ZDv 15/2, Humanitäres Völkerrecht in bewaffneten Konflikten – Handbuch, DSK SF009320187, Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, R II 3, August 2006, p. 2.
The Report on the Practice of Germany states that the Rules of Engagement for the German Composite Force in Somalia provided that when it became necessary to open fire, “retaliation is forbidden”.
Report on the Practice of Germany, 1997, Chapter 2.9, referring to Rules of Engagement for the German Composite Force in Somalia.
