Italy
Practice Relating to Rule 6. Civilians’ Loss of Protection from Attack
Section A. Direct participation in hostilities
Italy’s LOAC Elementary Rules Manual (1991) provides: “Civilians may not participate directly in hostilities and may not be attacked, unless they take a direct part in hostilities.”
Italy’s Combatant’s Manual (1998) states: “Anyone who takes part in military operations or activities is considered a combatant.”
The manual further states: “
IT IS NOT PERMITTED in any case to attack civilians unless they carry out hostile acts or take part in belligerent actions or operations.”

(emphasis in original)