Italy
Practice Relating to Rule 65. Perfidy
Italy’s LOAC Elementary Rules Manual (1991) states: “It is prohibited to feign a protected status by inviting the confidence of the enemy.”
Italy’s IHL Manual (1991) provides that is prohibited to kill or injure an enemy by treachery.
Italy’s Law of War Decree (1938), as amended in 1992, states that it is prohibited to kill or injure an enemy by treachery.
Italy’s LOAC Elementary Rules Manual (1991) states: “It is prohibited to feign a protected status by inviting the confidence of the enemy: … feigning … to be
hors de combat because of wounds or sickness.”
Under Italy’s IHL Manual (1991), grave breaches of international conventions and protocols, including “the perfidious use … of international protective signs”, constitute war crimes.
Italy’s LOAC Elementary Rules Manual (1991) states: “It is prohibited to feign a protected status by inviting the confidence of the enemy: … feigning of surrender.”
Italy’s Combatant’s Manual (1998) states:
Parlementaires, i.e. those who request to meet with the Commanding Officer of the enemy unit to discuss a ceasefire or to surrender, are protected by the “White flag”.
IT IS PROHIBITED to deceive the enemy by raising a white flag and then opening fire.

[emphasis in original]
Under Italy’s IHL Manual (1991), grave breaches of international conventions and protocols, including “the perfidious use … of international protective signs”, constitute war crimes.
Italy’s LOAC Elementary Rules Manual (1991) states: “It is prohibited to feign a protected status by inviting the confidence of the enemy: misuse of … the flag of truce.”
Italy’s Combatant’s Manual (1998) states:
Parlementaires, i.e. those who request to meet with the Commanding Officer of the enemy unit to discuss a ceasefire or to surrender, are protected by the “White flag”.
IT IS PROHIBITED to deceive the enemy by raising a white flag and then opening fire.

[emphasis in original]
Italy’s IHL Manual (1991) states that grave breaches of international conventions and protocols, including “the perfidious use … of international protective signs”, constitute war crimes.
Italy’s LOAC Elementary Rules Manual (1991) states: “It is prohibited to feign a protected status by inviting the confidence of the enemy: misuse of distinctive signs.”
Italy’s Combatant’s Manual (1998) states:
The use of
protective emblems as “cover” for belligerent actions or to harm the enemy in any way constitutes an
ACT OF PERFIDY, which is a
serious violation of International Law and severely punished by the Wartime Military Penal Code.

[emphasis in original]
Under Italy’s IHL Manual (1991), grave breaches of international conventions and protocols, including “the perfidious use … of international protective signs”, constitute war crimes.
Italy’s LOAC Elementary Rules Manual (1991) states: “It is prohibited to feign a protected status by inviting the confidence of the enemy: misuse of distinctive signs.”
Italy’s Combatant’s Manual (1998) states:
The use of protective emblems as “cover” for belligerent actions or to harm the enemy in any way constitutes an ACT OF PERFIDY, which is a serious violation of International Law and severely punished by the Wartime Military Penal Code.
Protective emblems are used for:
…
-UN personnel, equipment and facilities.

[emphasis in original]
Italy’s IHL Manual (1991) provides that grave breaches of international conventions and protocols, among which “the perfidious use … of symbols of international protection” constitute war crimes.
Italy’s LOAC Elementary Rules Manual (1991) states: “It is prohibited to feign a protected status by inviting the confidence of the enemy: misuse of distinctive signs.”
Italy’s Combatant’s Manual (1998) states:
The use of protective emblems as “cover” for belligerent actions or to harm the enemy in any way constitutes an ACT OF PERFIDY, which is a serious violation of International Law and severely punished by the Wartime Military Penal Code.
Protective emblems are used for:
-Medical personnel, equipment and facilities, and medical and military religious support personnel; …
-Civil Defence personnel, equipment and facilities;
-Cultural objects and the personnel responsible for their care;
-Works and installations containing dangerous forces;
-Hospital and safety zones;
-Parlementaires.

[emphasis in original]
Italy’s LOAC Elementary Rules Manual (1991) states: “It is prohibited to feign to belong to a protected category to invite the confidence of the enemy.”